“Crossing The Swamp” by Mary Oliver Essay

The poem, Crossing the Swamp is a well organized work of literature, which uses many techniques to develop the relationship between the speaker and the swamp. Some of these techniques include diction, narrative structure, repetition, imagery, personification, tonal shift, as well as many interesting sound devices. Before the scrutinizing search for the figurative language begins, the first thing that is noticeable is the narrative structure. The speaker provides us with the image of the characters footsteps itself through the structure of the poem, which indicates the struggle that he is going through by the gaps and indents throughout. Because of the thoughtful syntax of the poem, we cannot refer the body as stanzas or paragraphs; thus, the poem itself is one broken stanza which includes the characters adventurous journey and appalled misery. At the beginning of the poem, (line 5), the cacophonic sounds like branching, burred, belching bogs are used to describe the ugly sounds of the swamp as the character takes a step forward. The repetition of Here is also very unique because it is emphasizing the location of where the character is being tortured by having to walk into this ruthless swamp. The sound devices include consonance and rhythm with the repetition of the end sounds of pathless, seamless, and peerless. The foothold, fingerhold, mindhold can be consonance as well as alliteration, as foothold and fingerhold both begin with the same sound. Alliteration also presents itself in lines 18 and 19 with such slick and hipholes, hummocks. There is another cacophonic sound in lines 21 and 22 as the speaker describes the image of the swamp with hatred, calling it a black, slack earthsoup. This diction will also be considered as imagery as it compares the swamp with earthsoup. The tonal shift in the poem begins on line 22, with the sentence I feel not wet so much as painted and glittered From this point on, the speaker doesnt sound as frustrated and desperate as he was in the beginning of the poem. He finally feels hopeful and thankful to have another chance to live. The narrator also provides us with the description of the speaker, a poor dry  stick, which tells the reader that the character is an old, fragile being, trying to cross this swamp that he gets angry at in the beginning but now is finally appreciative. In conclusion, the relationship between the speaker and the swamp is of struggle. It seems like they both are fighting with each other to belittle the other and consume victory, but finally they give in to each others needs. The swamp lets the old man go, and he thanks the swamp heartily. The connection between them is of stubbornness and struggle, as well as understanding at the end.

The Economic Impact of Major Sports Events: a Review of Ten Events in the Uk

The economic impact of major sports events: a review of ten events in the UK Chris Gratton, Simon Shibli, and Richard Coleman Introduction Over recent years there has been a marked contrast between the discussions around the economic impact of major sports events in North America on the one hand and most of the rest of the world on the other. In the USA the sports strategies of cities in the USA have largely been based on infrastructure (stadium) investment for professional team sports, in particular, American football, baseball, basketball, and ice hockey.Over the last decade cities have offered greater and greater incentives for these professional teams to move from their existing host cities by offering to build a new stadium to house them. The teams sit back and let the host and competing cities bid up the price. They either move to the city offering the best deal or they accept the counter offer invariably put to them by their existing hosts. This normally involves the host city building a brand new stadium to replace the existing one which may only be ten or ? fteen years old.The result is that at the end of the 1990s there were thirty major stadium construction projects in progress, around one-third of the total professional sports infrastructure, but over half of all professional teams in the USA have expressed dissatisfaction with their current facilities. Baade (2003) argues that since 1987 approximately 80 per cent of the professional sports facilities in the United States will have been replaced or have undergone major renovation with the new facilities costing more than $19 billion in total, and the public providing $13. billion, or 71 per cent, of that amount. The use of taxpayers money to subsidize pro? t-making professional sports teams is justi? ed on the basis that such investment of public money is a worthwhile investment since it is clearly outweighed by the stream of economic activity that is generated by having a professional sports team r esident in the city. Such justi? cations are often backed up by economic impact studies that show that the spending of sports tourists in the host city more than justi? es such a public subsidy.Crompton (1995, 2001) has illustrated that such studies have often been seriously methodologically ? awed, and the real economic bene? t of such visitor spending is often well below that speci? ed in such studies. This is  © The Editorial Board of the Sociological Review 2006. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK and 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148, USA Chris Gratton, Simon Shibli, and Richard Coleman particularly the case given the need for such huge infrastructure investment needed to attract the professional teams.In Europe, however, city sport strategies have concentrated more on attracting a series of major sports events, such as World or European Championships, again justi? ed on the economic impact generated through hosting such events. Wh ereas many American sports economists (eg, Baade, 1996; Noll & Zimbalist, 1997; Coates & Humphreys, 1999) now consistently agree that studies show no signi? cant direct economic impact on the host cities from the recent stadium developments, it is not so evident that European style hosting of major sports events is not economically bene? cial to the host cities.This chapter looks at ten major sports events, all World or European Championships hosted by UK cities over recent years, all of which have been studied by the current authors. The difference from the North American situation is that these events move around from city to city in response to bids from potential host cities and in all ten cases did not require speci? c capital infrastructure investment to be staged but rather were staged in existing facilities. Before we look at these events, however, we brie? y review the literature on the economic importance of major sports events.The biggest by far of such events is the summ er Olympic Games, in particular in the infrastructure investment required to host the event, and the next section is devoted just to that event before the literature relating to all other major sports events is considered. The economic importance of the summer Olympic Games Despite the huge sums of money invested in hosting the summer Olympics, there has never been an economic impact study of the type described in this paper to assess the economic bene? ts of hosting the event. Kasimati (2003) summarized the potential long-term bene? ts to a city of hosting the summerOlympics: newly constructed event facilities and infrastructure, urban revival, enhanced international reputation, increased tourism, improved public welfare, additional employment, and increased inward investment. In practice, however, there is also a possible downside to hosting the event including: high construction costs of sporting venues and related other investments, in particular in transport infrastructure; tem porary congestion problems; displacement of other tourists due to the event; and underutilized elite sporting facilities after the event which are of little use to the local population.Kasimati (2003) analysed all impact studies of the summer Olympics from 1984 to 2004 and found, in each case, that the studies were done prior to the Games, were not based on primary data, and were, in general, commissioned by proponents of the Games. He found that the economic impacts were likely to be in? ated since the studies did not take into account supply-side constraints such as investment crowding out, price increases due to resource scarcity, and the displacement of tourists who would have been in the host city had the Olympics not been held there.Although no proper economic impact study using 42  © The Editorial Board of the Sociological Review 2006 The economic impact of major sports events primary data has ever been carried out for the summer Olympics, Preuss (2004) has produced a compr ehensive analysis of the economics of the summer Olympics for every summer Olympics from Munich 1972 using secondary data, and employing a novel data transformation methodology which allows comparisons across the different Olympics.Despite collecting a massive amount of secondary data, Preuss’s conclusion on the estimation of the true economic impact of the summer Olympics is the same as Kasimati’s: ‘The economic bene? t of the Games . . . is often overestimated in both publications and economic analyses produced by or for the OCOG [Organizing Committee of the Olympic Games] . . . multipliers tend to be too high and the number of tourists is estimated too optimistically’ (Preuss, 2004: 290).Preuss, however, does make some strong conclusions from his analysis. He shows, for instance, that every summer Olympics since 1972 made an operational surplus that the OCOG can spend to bene? t both national and international sport. Popular stories in the mass media re lating to massive losses from hosting the Olympics have nothing to do with the Games’ operational costs and revenues. Rather it is to do with the capital infrastructure investments made by host cities on venues, transport, accommodation and telecommunications.These are investments in capital infrastructure that have a life of possibly 50 years or more and yet many commentators count the full capital cost against the two to three weeks of the Games themselves. Preuss points out that in strict economic terms this is nonsense: it is impossible and even wrong to state the overall effect of different Olympics with a single surplus or de? cit. The true outcome is measured in the infrastructural, social, political, ecological and sporting impacts a city and country receive from the Games. (Preuss, 2004: 26)Estimating the true economic impact of a summer Olympic Games properly therefore requires a huge research budget in addition to the other costs associated with the Games. Research needs to start several years before the Olympics and continue several years after they have ? nished. So far nobody has been willing to fund such research. There is increasing research output, however, relating to other major sporting events. The economic importance of other major sports events The study of hallmark events or mega-events became an important area of the tourism and leisure literature in the 1980s.The economic bene? ts of such events have been the main focus of such literature, although broader based multidisciplinary approaches have been suggested (Hall, 1992; Getz, 1991). Within the area of mega-events, sports events have attracted a signi? cant amount of attention. One of the ? rst major studies in this area was the study of the impact of the 1985 Adelaide Grand Prix (Burns, Hatch & Mules, 1986). This was followed by an in-depth study of the 1988 Calgary Winter Olympics (Ritchie, 1984;  © The Editorial Board of the Sociological Review 2006 43Chris Gratton, Simon Shibli, and Richard Coleman Ritchie & Aitken, 1984, 1985; Ritchie & Lyons, 1987, 1990; Ritchie & Smith, 1991). Mules and Faulkner (1996) point out that hosting major sports events is not always an unequivocal economic bene? t to the cities that host them. They emphasize that, in general, staging major sports events often results in the city authorities losing money even though the city itself bene? ts greatly in terms of additional spending in the city. They cite the example of the 1994 Brisbane World Masters Games which cost Brisbane A$2. million to put on but generated a massive A$50. 6 million of additional economic activity in the state economy. Mules and Faulkner’s basic point is that it normally requires the public sector to be involved in the role of staging the event and incurring these losses in order to generate the bene? ts to the local economy: This ? nancial structure is common to many special events, and results in the losses alluded to above. It seems unlikely that private operators would be willing to take on the running of such events because of their low chance of breaking even let alone turning a pro? t.The reason why governments host such events and lose taxpayers’ money in the process lies in spillover effects or externalities. (Mules & Faulkner, 1996: 110) It is not a straightforward job, however, to establish a pro? t and loss account for a speci? c event. Major sports events require investment in new sports facilities and often this is paid for in part by central government or even international sports bodies. Thus, some of this investment expenditure represents a net addition to the local economy since the money comes in from outside. Also such facilities remain after the event has ? ished acting as a platform for future activities that can generate additional tourist expenditure (Mules & Faulkner, 1996). Increasingly, sports events are part of a broader strategy aimed at raising the pro? le of a city and therefore succe ss cannot be judged simply on a pro? t and loss basis. Often the attraction of events is linked to a re-imaging process and, in the case of many cities, is invariably linked to strategies of urban regeneration and tourism development (Bianchini & Schengel, 1991; Bramwell, 1995; Loftman & Spirou, 1996; Roche, 1994).Major events if successful have the ability to project a new image and identity for a city. The hosting of major sports events is often justi? ed by the host city in terms of long-term economic and social consequences, directly or indirectly resulting from the staging of the event (Mules & Faulkner, 1996). These effects are primarily justi? ed in economic terms, by estimating the additional expenditure generated in the local economy as the result of the event, in terms of the bene? ts injected from tourism-related activity and the subsequent re-imaging of the city following the success of the event (Roche, 1992).Cities staging major sports events have a unique opportunity to market themselves to the world. Increasing competition between broadcasters to secure broadcasting rights to major sports events has led to a massive escalation in fees for such rights which, in turn, means broadcasters give blanket coverage at peak 44  © The Editorial Board of the Sociological Review 2006 The economic impact of major sports events times for such events, enhancing the marketing bene? ts to the cities that stage them. Methodology The ten events under survey are detailed in Table 1.All but one of them, the 2002 World Snooker Championship (which was a contract for the host city, Shef? eld), were studied as part of a UK Sport funded research project to estimate the economic impact of the events. UK Sport is the body responsible in the UK for a ‘World Class Events Programme’ that supports sports governing bodies in their attempts to bring major sports events to the UK. Financial support is provided from lottery funding for both the bidding process and t he staging of the event if the bid is successful.Two of the events studies (the World Boxing Championships in Belfast, and the World Half-Marathon Championships in Bristol) were joint contracts with both UK Sport and the host cities (ie, Belfast and Bristol). The ten studies featured in this chapter were conducted using essentially the same methodology. This, therefore, provides the added value of having a dataset in which the events are comparable. It is the results of cross event comparability and the issues arising from such comparisons upon which this chapter isTable 1: Major sports events surveyed in the U. K. Year 1997 1997 1997 1998 1999 1999 1999 2001 2001 2002 Event World Badminton Championships European Junior Boxing Championships European Junior Swimming Championships European Short Course Swimming Championships European Show Jumping Championships World Judo Championships World Indoor Climbing Championships World Amateur Boxing Championships World Half Marathon Championsh ips World Snooker Championship Abbreviation WBC EJBC EJSC ESCSC ESJC WJC WICC WABC WHM WSC Host City Glasgow Birmingham Glasgow Shef? ld Hickstead Birmingham Birmingham Belfast Bristol Shef? eld  © The Editorial Board of the Sociological Review 2006 45 Chris Gratton, Simon Shibli, and Richard Coleman primarily concerned. The methodology employed in the economic impact studies was divided into ten stages, which can be summarized as follows: †¢ Quantify the proportion of respondents who live in the host city and those who are from elsewhere; †¢ Group respondents by their role in the event, eg, spectators, competitors, media, of? ials etc; †¢ Establish basic characteristics of visitors, eg, where they live and composition of the party; †¢ Determine the catchment area according to local, regional, national or international respondents; †¢ Quantify the number of visitors staying overnight in the host city and the proportion of these making use of commercial acc ommodation; †¢ Quantify how many nights those using commercial accommodation will stay in the host city and what this accommodation is costing per night; †¢ Quantify for those staying overnight (commercially or otherwise) and day visitors, the daily spend in the host city on six standard expenditure categories; †¢ Quantify what people have budgeted to spend in the host city and for how many people such expenditure is for; †¢ Establish the proportion of people whose main reason for being in the host city is the event; †¢ Determine if any spectators are combining their visit to an event with a holiday in order to estimate any wider economic impacts.Much of this analysis was undertaken using a standard questionnaire survey to interview key interest groups at an event and the data collected was then analysed using a specialist statistical software package and spreadsheets to calculate the additional expenditure in the host economy. Multipliers It is the direct i mpact attributable to additional expenditure that this research concentrated upon, in order to allow for meaningful comparisons between events. That is to say, the comparisons do not include induced impact derived from the application of multipliers to the additional expenditure calculations. To do so would be to compare host economies rather than speci? c events, as multipliers are speci? c to a given economy. Moreover, the information needed to establish a multiplier for a given local economy is not always readily available.As a result, historically, consultants have used highly technical and ambitious multipliers that are not empirically based and are often ‘borrowed’ from other sectors (eg, construction), or other economies. This ‘borrowed’ type of multiplier analysis can be considered only a poor approximation at best and any ? ndings are most likely to be erroneous – not least because the multiplier is unique to the prevailing local economic co nditions and, to reiterate, this type of research is about comparing events and not economies. Most of John Crompton’s criticisms of poor methodology in the carrying out of economic impact studies 46  © The Editorial Board of the Sociological Review 2006 The economic impact of major sports events of major events are related precisely to the incorrect choice or use of multipliers (see Crompton, 1995, 2001). ResultsAbsolute impact Graph 1 details the absolute additional expenditure directly attributable to staging each of the ten events. The most signi? cant economic impact is attributable to the 2002 World Snooker Championship closely followed by the 1997 World Badminton Championships. Both these events took place over a twoweek period and this extended period for the events did lead to higher economic impact. The World Half Marathon Championships was different from the other events in the sense that it did not take place in a stadium or ? xed seating area and there were no tickets sold for spectators. Consequently the crowd at this event has been estimated in conjunction with the local organizing committee, city authority and the police.This estimate of the number of spectators, which has been used to calculate the economic impact, is on the conservative side. In ? ve of the ten events, the additional expenditure generated in the host economies exceeded ? 1. 45 m, which might be termed a ‘major’ impact. Although the majority of the events detailed in Graph 1, however, could be described as ‘major’ in the sporting calendars of those who organize the events, closer inspection of the ? gures reveals that it does not follow that a ‘major event’ in sporting terms necessarily equates with having a ‘major’ economic impact. For example, although the two swimming events, the 1997 Junior Swimming Championships in Glasgow and the European Short Course Swimming Championships in Shef? ld, were both European Champ ionships, they made a relatively small contribution to the economy of the host cities. In a similar manner to the word ‘major’, the words ‘world championships’ do not necessarily mean that there will be a large downstream economic impact. The 1997 World Badminton event generated economic impacts of ? 2. 2 million, whereas the 2001 World Half Marathon and 1999 World Indoor Climbing Championship generated more modest impacts of ? 584,000 and ? 398,000 respectively. Impact per day Although the absolute economic impact attributable to a given event is important in quantifying the overall bene? t that an event might have, it is a somewhat ? wed basis for comparison as the duration of events is invariably different. For example, the World Badminton Championships took place over 14 days and the World Half Marathon was over inside one and a half hours. Thus in order to make a standardised comparison of the economic impact attributable to events it is useful to exam ine the economic impact per day of competition. The results of this analysis are shown in Graph 2.  © The Editorial Board of the Sociological Review 2006 47 Chris Gratton, Simon Shibli, and Richard Coleman ?2,500,000 ? 2,265,092 ? 2,221,130 ?2,196,298 ?2,000,000 ?1,943,715 ?1,500,000 ?1,485,141 ?1,000,000 ?583,942 ? 508,920 ? 500,000 ? 397,921 ? 314,513 ? 257,802 2002 World Snooker 1997 World Badminton 1999 European Show Jumping 1999 World Judo 2001 World 2001 World Half 1997 European 1999 World 1998 European 1997 European Amateur Boxing Marathon Junior Boxing Indoor Climbing Short Course Junior Swimming Swimming Graph 1: Economic impact of ‘major’ sports events. ?700,000 ?600,000 ?583,942 ?500,000 ?485,929 ? 439,260 ?400,000 ?300,000 ?200,000 ?185,643 ? 158,652 ? 133,241 ? 132,640 ? 104,838 ? 64,451 ?100,000 ?56,547 ?- World Half Marathon World Judo European World Amateur World World Snooker World Indoor European European Show Jumping Boxing Badminton Climbing Short Course Junior Swimming Swimming European Junior Boxing Graph 2: Daily economic impact of major sports events. 48  © The Editorial Board of the Sociological Review 2006 The economic impact of major sports eventsIn Graph 2 we see that the events with the highest absolute economic impact, The World Badminton Championships and the World Snooker Championship, are only ? fth and sixth in importance in relation to economic impact per day and it is the World Half Marathon Championship which is most important on this measure, where the daily impact and the absolute impact are identical, closely followed by the World Judo Championships and European ShowJumping Championships. Visitor and organizational spend Generating economic impact is not UK Sport’s rationale for attracting major events to the UK. As previously suggested, however, it is a useful device by which to justify the funding of an event in economic terms.Therefore in order to be able to forecast economic impact it is essen tial to understand the components that create economic impact. In broad terms these can be identi? ed as: †¢ Organizational expenditure, ie, expenditure made directly by the organizers of an event in the locality where the event is taking place. †¢ Competitor or delegation expenditure, ie, expenditure made directly by those taking part in the event and their support staff in the locality where the event is taking place. †¢ Other visitor expenditure ie, expenditure made directly by those people involved with an event other than the organizers and delegations. Other visitor groups include of? cials, media representatives and spectators.In the interest of simplicity the three types of expenditure can be collapsed into two categories, ie, organizational expenditure and visitor expenditure (delegation and other visitor expenditure combined). Using the ten events in the sample, the relative amounts of expenditure attributable to organizational and visitor expenditure can be seen in Graph 3. Graph 3 indicates that for all except one of the events (the European Junior Boxing Championships), the economic impact attributable to organizational expenditure was a minor part of the total economic impact with a highest percentage score of 26% (World Amateur Boxing Championships) and a lowest percentage score of 0% in the European Junior Swimming (not illustrated). The European Junior Boxing Championships was a relatively small event which did not attract signi? cant numbers of spectators.For the events included in this sample, the vast majority of the economic impact (greater than 80%) was caused by visitors and therefore it is logical to concentrate the subsequent secondary analyses on visitor expenditure. The reason why the majority of events in this research have relatively low levels of organizational expenditure is because they were all events that took place within existing facilities and existing infrastructure. There was no need to build or upgrade exi sting facilities and therefore virtually all expenditure incurred by organizers was on revenue items necessary for the operational running of the event.  © The Editorial Board of the Sociological Review 2006 49Chris Gratton, Simon Shibli, and Richard Coleman 100% 7% 7% 8% 9% 10% 12% 13% 26% 90% 80% 52% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 48% 20% 10% 0% 93% 93% 92% 91% 90% 88% 87% 74% European Short World Indoor Course Climbing Swimming World Snooker World Judo European Show Jumping World Half World Badminton World Amateur European Junior Marathon Boxing Boxing % Visitor spend % Organisational spend Graph 3: The relative proportions of visitor and organizational spending at major sports events. Visitor expenditure At this point it is worth disaggregating total visitor expenditure into its component parts of spectator, competitor (delegation) expenditure and other visitor expenditure.In 1997 the six events studied were illustrated along a continuum of ‘spectator’ to ‘competitor a nd others’. Using the results of the ten events studied since 1997, this continuum can be upgraded to indicate the composition of visitor expenditure at an event. The revised continuum is shown in Graph 4 and this disaggregates the expenditure of ‘others’ from that of ‘competitors’. From Graph 4 it can be seen that at ? ve of the ten events featured, the majority (at least 51%) of the economic impact can be attributed to spectators and these would be categorized as ‘spectator driven’ events. By contrast, at the remaining events the economic impact was driven by other groups (principally competitors), in particular at the two swimming events.The Short Course and Junior Swimming events are characterized by having large numbers of competitors staying in commercial accommodation and relatively small numbers of spectators (990 and 640 admissions respectively) most of whom are either the friends or families of the competitors; such events are categorized as ‘competitor driven’. 50  © The Editorial Board of the Sociological Review 2006 The economic impact of major sports events 100% 12% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 9% 0% World Indoor World Snooker European Show European World Judo Climbing Jumping Junior Boxing Spectator World European Short European World Half World Amateur Junior Marathon Boxing Badminton Course Swimming Swimming Other 8% 9% 4% 13% 28% 6% 15% 22% 12% 24% 10% 19% 28% 35% 36% 33% 44% 40% 81% 78% 74% 72% 56% 66% 51% 43% 37% 32% Competitor/DelegationsGraph 4: The continuum between spectators’ and other visitors’ expenditure. Key determinants of economic impact In order to investigate the relationship between the absolute scale of an economic impact and the number of people who generated it, we now examine economic impact against the total number of spectator admissions as shown in Graph 5. This does not include events which were not staged in stadiums and where the specta tor admissions were approximations, as there were no audience data available (eg, the World Half Marathon). Graph 5 indicates that there is a very high correlation (r = 0. 91) between the number of spectator admissions at an event and the economic impact attributable to that event.Therefore it can be concluded that if economic impact is an important consideration in determining whether or not to support an event, then the number of spectators is the principal determinant of absolute economic impact. As a consequence of this ? nding it can be concluded that in elite level sport (ie, the type of event likely to be supported by UK Sport), ‘competitor driven’ events are unlikely to generate as much economic impact in absolute terms compared with ‘spectator driven’ events. It could be argued that if all or most of the spectators attending an event were local people, then the economic impact attributable to that event would be relatively small as there would be o nly a small net change in the economy ie, most expenditure would be ‘deadweight’. In order to investigate this possibility 51  © The Editorial Board of the Sociological Review 2006Chris Gratton, Simon Shibli, and Richard Coleman ?2,500,000 Correlation coefficient r = 0. 91 Snooker Badminton ? 2,000,000 Show Jumping Judo Economic Impact ?1,500,000 Boxing ?1,000,000 ?500,000 Junior Boxing Indoor Climbing Short Course Swimming Junior Swimming ?0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 Spectator Admissions Graph 5: The relationship between spectator admissions and absolute economic impact. further, we examine the relative proportions of local to non-local admissions as detailed in Graph 6. According to Graph 6, there was only one instance of local admissions exceeding those of non-local people: the World Half Marathon Championships.The World Half Marathon had 55% of spectators from the local area. This was a direct result, however, of the Bristol Half Maratho n running alongside the elite event, hence there were many people from Bristol supporting family and friends in the mass participation event. Moreover, of the remaining events, the event organizers at the European Show Jumping and the World Amateur Boxing interfered with the market conditions, in that signi? cant numbers of complimentary tickets were passed to local people in order to increase the attendance at the events. Hence it is reasonable to conclude that the majority of spectators to events come from outside the local area and this therefore con? ms the earlier assertion that absolute economic impact is critically dependent on the number of spectators attending an event – a point emphasized still further when one considers that the correlation between non-local admissions and absolute impact while still high (r = 0. 87), is not as high as the correlation using total spectator admissions. The key points emerging from this initial results section can be summarized as fo llows: †¢ The most appropriate way to compare the economic impact attributable to various events is on an economic impact per day basis; 52  © The Editorial Board of the Sociological Review 2006 The economic impact of major sports events 100% 9% 90% 13% 17% 25% 27% 34% 38% 45% 55% 80% 70% 60% 50% 100% 91% 87% 83% 75% 73% 66% 62% 55% 45% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% European Junior World Indoor Swimming 990 Climbing 5,444 World Judo 16,000European Short World Snooker European Junior World Amateur World Badminton European Show World Half Course 33,276 Boxing 1,690 Boxing 18,300 21,702 Jumping 40,000 Marathon 15,000 Swimming 640 Visitors Locals Graph 6: The relative proportions of non-local and local spectators at events. †¢ Spectator driven events are likely to have a higher economic impact than competitor driven events; †¢ The key determinant of total economic impact is the number of spectators attending an event; †¢ For most major sporting events, visitors from outside t he immediate area are likely to account for the majority of admissions. Additional bene? ts The Balanced Scorecard approach to event evaluation This ? nal section may interest event organizers and practitioners, as well as social scienti? analysts, in that it acknowledges that the bene? ts associated with events are far reaching and not merely con? ned to economic impacts. This section uses the ‘Balanced Scorecard’ approach to event evaluation (see Figure 1) developed from original work at Harvard Business School. Apart from an event’s economic impact, additional aims and bene? ts might arise in the form of media value linked to coverage at home or internationally. Moreover, linked to such coverage may be place marketing bene? ts for key aspects of the host city or area, which could ultimately impact upon tourism by increasing the number of visitors to the area in future as a result of media coverage afforded to an event.Public perceptions of places can also impr ove as a  © The Editorial Board of the Sociological Review 2006 53 Chris Gratton, Simon Shibli, and Richard Coleman Economic Impact Sports Development Event Aims Media & Sponsor Evaluation Place Marketing Effects Figure 1: The ‘Balanced Scorecard’ approach to evaluating events. result of people’s experiences at major sports events, which in turn might lead to repeat visits as evidenced by qualitative feedback from spectators at some of the events. Furthermore, an immediate bene? t of staging an event might involve some form of sports development impact which could encourage more people to take up a sport being showcased.The long-term effect of any increase in participation could be tracked, although it may be dif? cult to prove causality. To illustrate some of these points, examples are drawn from three events: the European Short Course Swimming Championship, World Amateur Boxing and World Half Marathon. Examples of additional bene? ts Apart from revealing an e conomic impact on Shef? eld of almost ? 315,000, the research into the European Short Course Swimming Championships at the time also audited the public pro? le by analysing the television coverage of the event. In addition to the UK television coverage the event was also shown across Europe in Germany, Finland, Italy and Croatia. Audience data and broadcasts were con? med by the Broadcasters’ Audience Research Board (BARB) and calculations using industry standard methodologies were made relative to: †¢ Percentage Share: The proportion of people watching a given programme expressed as a function of the total number of people watching television at that time. †¢ Television Rating (TVR): This is the key performance indicator of the size of an audience for any given programme. TVR is expressed as the percentage of all the people in a country with access to a television actually watching the programme or programme segment in question. 54  © The Editorial Board of the S ociological Review 2006 The economic impact of major sports events Table 2: Television coverage of the European Short Course Swimming Championships Indicator Number of Programmes Total Duration (Minutes) Cumulative Audience (000s) Highest Share Achieved Highest TVR Achieved UK 6 369 5,451 23. 0% 4. % Other European 12 718 2,522 9. 8% 9. 0% Total 18 1,087 7,973 23. 0% 9. 0% Using the ? ve countries from which the broadcast and audience data were available, the European Short Course Swimming Championships attracted a cumulative audience of 7,973,000 of which 5,451,000 were UK viewers as summarized in Table 2. The data has two practical applications: †¢ For event promoters, in order to acquire a greater appreciation of the commercial value of the event in terms of related advertising and sponsorship sales. Commercial revenues contribute to the operating costs of an event and hence achieving value for money is the key when advertising and sponsorship sales are being made. For host venues, advertisers and sponsors, who can evaluate the return on their investment. For example, the total value of the Shef? eld City Council support of the event was ? 25,000. This can be traded off against the value of the place marketing achieved. Using the data in Table 2, a degree of quantitative evaluation of place marketing can be made. A ‘Shef? eld National City of Sport’ advertising board was on display at pool deck level alongside the advertising board of the main sponsor (Adidas). Using sponsorship industry standard methodology, it is relatively easy to calculate the proportion of the 1,087 broadcast minutes during which the board was on full view promoting the city of Shef? eld.The World Amateur Boxing Championships in Belfast achieved a total cumulative audience of 6. 6 million in the UK, which included 330,000 young people under the age of 16 (ie, potential for a sports development impact). Across 13 programmes (mainly on BBC2), the event was screened for a total of 551 minutes (9 hours 11 minutes), with live feed and highlights screened to more than 20 countries. The UK viewing ? gures peaked at 2. 06 million with the audience share at this point being 22%. Based on analyses of the television coverage using specialist sponsorship evaluations, estimates suggested that a major sponsor enjoyed media exposure worth ? 51,014 in the UK alone.Data such as this provides a sound baseline against which sponsors can assess the extent to which they have achieved a return on  © The Editorial Board of the Sociological Review 2006 55 Chris Gratton, Simon Shibli, and Richard Coleman their investment. In this instance the sponsor invested ? 63,000 and in return they received exposure that would have cost more than ? 51,000 to purchase in the commercial marketplace, ie, 81% of their total investment. In addition to UK television coverage, broadcasters from other countries also bought the rights to screen the event and thus there would be additional media value obtained for the sponsor from this worldwide exposure.Although the worldwide television exposure was not analysed in this instance, it is possible to access the audience data as demonstrated by the European Short Course Swimming Championships example, or alternatively where this is not possible, sponsorship evaluation companies can apply a ‘rate card’ based on a ? at rate for 30 seconds of advertising time on a particular channel. A similar methodology can be adopted in order to estimate the place marketing effects associated with television coverage. At the World Half Marathon, Bristol City Council was responsible for underwriting the event and for a signi? cant proportion of the running costs. In return the place marketing bene? ts linked to the exposure of the ‘Bristol’ brand, amounted to a notional ? 2,000 of exposure. In order to maximize any place marketing bene? ts for a particular location, event organizers should consider working close ly with the host broadcaster in order to ensure the showcasing of key local attractions as the backdrop to human-interest features around the event coverage. Shef? eld City Council used such human interest features (known as ‘postcards’) to great effect during a major snooker event in 2002 such that the combined place marketing effects for the city were a notional ? 3. 2 million, ie, the commercial cost of the exposure created by the event, based on the cost/1000 viewers of a 30 second television commercial.Apart from media value and place marketing, the ‘Balanced Scorecard’ approach also refers to sports development effects and these were analysed during the research at the World Amateur Boxing in Belfast. In the run-up to and during the championships a community development programme with boxer Wayne McCulloch entitled ‘Train with Wayne’ provided young children and potential future champions with the opportunity to become involved in the spor t of boxing. Up to 100 youngsters participated during the televised build up to the Championship. During the event ‘Come and Try It’ sessions were enhanced by concessionary tickets to the event, school visits and discount packages.Furthermore, training for potential young boxers was also strengthened through the involvement of 300 local volunteers in the event, training for technical of? cials, time-keepers, judges, medical personnel and competition managers. This event has therefore left a broad legacy of enhanced skills which maybe used to maintain the impetus provided by the staging of the event. As well as the economic impact attributable to the World Amateur Boxing (? 1. 49 m), the pro? le of Belfast as a city of world-class sport was enhanced through the marketing of the event and the televisual exposure of the ‘Belfast’ brand throughout the world. Collectively, the boxing and the previous success of the World Cross Country Championships provided the catalyst to formulate 56 The Editorial Board of the Sociological Review 2006 The economic impact of major sports events an events strategy for Northern Ireland, designed to help re-image the Province through sport. In summary, given the complex aims and objectives increasingly associated with major sports events, in future more detailed analysis and evaluation will be necessary to satisfy the needs of different partners. Adopting a methodology linked to (for example) the ‘Balanced Scorecard’ could move beyond simple economic impact studies, to include TV, media and sponsorship evaluations as well as sports development, home soil advantage and other legacies. ConclusionsThis chapter has provided a detailed overview of ten economic impact studies undertaken at major sports events, all World or European Championships, in the UK since 1997. Each study represents a value-for-money appraisal of an event, by quantifying the net change in the host economy that is directly attri butable to the event and measurable in cash terms using detailed audit trails. The evidence presented vindicates (in economic terms) the decisions made by UK Sport to use Lottery funding via the World Class Events Programme to attract many of the events. Moreover, the detailed database of event evaluations possessed by UK Sport provides the evidence to inform future strategic decisions relative to the type of events that the UK may consider bidding for in years to come.According to such evidence and in order to maximize potential economic impact, the following should be considered prior to bidding: †¢ The ability of the event to attract people from outside the host area and thereby reduce the ‘deadweight’ percentage of those attending; †¢ Generally the greater the absolute number of spectators the more signi? cant the economic impact and junior events are likely to have the smallest impacts as they rarely attract many spectators; †¢ The economic impact is not necessarily a function of the status of an event in world sporting terms; †¢ The number of days of competition and the availability of local commercial accommodation to allow visitors to extend their dwell times in the host area.Beyond the development of the economic impact model, this chapter has demonstrated how the event evaluations have evolved and should continue to evolve in order to better understand the likely legacies of events long after any medals have been presented. These legacies could be in terms of media value, place marketing effects for the host area, as well as sports development impacts which may stimulate young people to get more involved in sport. The evidence presented above suggests that the European model of attracting major sports events to cities that do not require additional infrastructure investment in order to host the event can generate signi? cant economic bene? ts to the host cities. 57  © The Editorial Board of the Sociological Review 2 006 Chris Gratton, Simon Shibli, and Richard Coleman References Baade, R. A. 1996) ‘Professional sports as catalysts for economic development’, Journal of Urban Affairs 18 (1): 1–17. Baade, R. A. (2003) ‘Evaluating subsidies for professional sports in the United States and Europe: A public sector primer’, Oxford Review of Economic Policy 19 (4): 585–597. Bianchini, F. & Schengel, H. (1991) ‘Re-imagining the city’, in J. Comer and S. Harvey (eds) Enterprise and Heritage: Crosscurrents of National Culture. London: Routledge, 214–234. Bramwell, B. (1995) ‘Event tourism in Shef? eld: A sustainable approach to urban development? ’ Unpublished paper. Shef? eld: Shef? eld Hallam University, Centre for Tourism. Burns, J. P. A. , Hatch, J. H. & Mules, F. J. eds) (1986) The Adelaide Grand Prix: The Impact of a Special Event. Adelaide: The Centre for South Australian Economic Studies. Coates, D. & Humphreys, B. (1999) â⠂¬ËœThe growth of sports franchises, stadiums and arenas’, Journal of Policy Analysis 18 (4): 601–624. Crompton, J. L. (1995) ‘Economic impact analysis of sports facilities and events: eleven sources of misapplication’, Journal of Sport Management 9 (1): 14–35. Crompton, J. L. (2001) ‘Public subsidies to professional team sport facilities in the USA’, in C. Gratton and I. Henry (eds) Sport in the City: The Role of Sport in Economic and Social Regeneration. London: Routledge, 15–34. Getz, D. (1991) Festivals, Special Events, and Tourism.New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Hall, C. M. (1992) Hallmark Tourist Events: Impacts, Management and Planning. London: Belhaven Press. Kasimati, E. (2003) ‘Economic aspects and the Summer Olympics: a review of related research’, International Journal of Tourism Research 5: 433–444. Loftman, P. & Spirou, C. (1996) ‘Sports stadiums and urban regeneration: the British and Uni ted States Experience’. Paper to the conference Tourism and Culture: Towards the 21st Century. Durham, September 1996. Mules, T. & Faulkner, B. (1996) ‘An economic perspective on major events’, Tourism Economics 12 (2): pp 107–117. Noll, R. & Zimbalist, A. (eds) (1997) Sports, Jobs & Taxes.Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution. Preuss, H. (2004) The Economics of Staging the Olympics: A Comparison of the Games 1972–2008. Edward Elgar: Cheltenham UK. Ritchie, J. R. B. (1984) ‘Assessing the impact of hallmark event: conceptual and research issues’, Journal of Travel Research 23 (1): 2–11. Ritchie, J. R. B. & Aitken, C. E. (1984) ‘Assessing the impacts of the 1988 Olympic Winter Games: the research program and initial results’, Journal of Travel Research 22 (3): 17–25. Ritchie, J. R. B. & Aitken, C. E. (1985) ‘OLYMPULSE II – evolving resident attitudes towards the 1988 Olympics’, Journal of Travel Research 23 (3): 28–33. Ritchie, J. R. B. & Lyons, M. M. 1987) ‘OLYMPULSE III/IV: a mid term report on resident attitudes concerning the 1988 Olympic Winter Games’, Journal of Travel Research 26 (1): 18–26. Ritchie, J. R. B. & Lyons, M. M. (1990) ‘OLYMPULSE VI: a post-event assessment of resident reaction to the XV Olympic Winter Games’, Journal of Travel Research 28 (3): 14–23. Ritchie, J. R. B. & Smith, B. H. (1991) ‘The impact of a mega event on host region awareness: a longitudinal study’, Journal of Travel Research 30 (1): 3–10. Roche, M. (1992) ‘Mega-event planning and citizenship: problems of rationality and democracy in Shef? eld’s Universiade 1991’, Vrijetijd en Samenleving 10 (4): 47–67. Roche, M. (1994) ‘Mega-events and urban policy’, Annals of Tourism Research 21 (1): 1–19. 58  © The Editorial Board of the Sociological Review 2006

Administrative Principles of Management Essay Sample

1. Division of LabourThis rule states that work can be performed more expeditiously and fruitfully if it is divided into smaller elements and delegating these specific elements to specific workers. This is similar to one best manner of making occupation as in scientific direction and occupation specialization in Bureaucracy. Each employee or a group of employee performs a specific undertaking. Division of labor harmonizing to occupation specialization is the chief map. 2. AuthorityAuthority is the given power ( based on legitimate regulation by organisation ) to an functionary to publish orders to subsidiaries and take work from them. This rule states that directors require authorization to execute their managerial duties. 3. DisciplineDiscipline is related with ordinance of behavior of employees at workplace. Without subject. authorization has no significance ; there should be person to obey the orders. This rule suggests that there is demand of a set of regulations and processs aimed at achieving good employee subject and obeisance. 4. Integrity of bidThis is the â€Å"one adult male one foreman rule† . An employee should have orders from merely one foreman merely. If a worker will have orders from several foremans he will be confused and over burdened. Besides there will be a job sing coverage. So this rule emphasizes on merely one foreman for a worker. 5. Subordination of single involvements to the organisational involvement.Employees must give their involvements for the good of the organisation. The organisational goals/ tasks/work would be preferred over involvement of worker or group of workers. Therefore an organisation should use merely those persons who are to the full committed to its aims and are willing to readily follow the organization’s mandates/rules. 6. Integrity of wayThis rule supposes that there should be merely one program and merely one foreman for each group of activities holding same aims. This is to guarantee that the organisation is prosecuting it all activities non in contradictory waies but there is alignment between activities. 7. Wage of forcesFair rewards work as a good motive for employees. Compensation for work done should be sensible to both – employees and organisation and it should be sufficiently motivational. neither overpaid nor underpaid. 8. CentralizationExcessively much centralisation leads to ineffectiveness and so does the decentalisation. There should be a balance of centralisation and decentalisation in organisations.The best attack to acquire the balance is top direction designs the broader scheme. policies and in-between degree and lower degree of directors interpret and operationalise them to work. 9. Scalar concatenationThis rule assumes that there should be clear hierarchy in organisation from top to down. The flow of communicating must follow the hierarchy that it should be purely perpendicular.Horizontal communicating is needed merely when there is pressing demand and permission from higher-ups has been obtained. 10. OrderOrder means making things in rational and logical mode. There should be a topographic point for everything and everything should be in its topographic point.An organization’s materials/resources should be at right topographic point at right clip. and its employees should be assigned to the occupations best suited to them. 11. EquityEquity means being sort. just and merely to your subsidiaries or employees. Equal and just intervention. nonpartisanship and bias free environment promotes employee motive committedness and trueness. 12. Stability of forces term of officeEmployees perform good when their occupation is secured ; they are protected from arbitrary dismissals. It is necessary to retain employees with organisation because high turnover rate may ensue high cost to organisation and leads to inefficiency. 13. EnterpriseOrganizations require directors who possess ability to gestate and implement new thoughts. They should be holding ability to self start and take on the hazard independently. 14. Esperit de corpsThe maintainance of high moral and unity among employees is an indispensable thing for success of organisation.

Expanding Market for Chinese Mobiles Research Paper

Expanding Market for Chinese Mobiles - Research Paper Example The paper tells that China mobile limited is vigorously active to seek market opportunities for the fourth-generation telecommunication technology in foreign countries today because for the past years China has remained behind in establishing abroad markets. Through actively looking for the overseas market, China is aiming to have 30 to 60 million of 4G mobile type users worldwide by this year. As a result, through growth or expansion, this will assist China to emerge as a market decider in the future as shown by the analysts. The company’s management has aimed to hire international personnel or explores for new markets overseas, an international plan can help increase and spread a business. Therefore, China is the active concern with entry strategies in both non-equity, which includes export and contracts agreements with foreign nations and equity mode. This includes joint venture and wholly owned subsidiaries activities in order to venture into international markets. On the other hand, the pictures outlined marketing strategies which are put in place to expand Chinese mobiles in the market. Additionally, the resume principle acts as a pillar to hold the business in the market. This is the first and most common strategy in order to become an international company. There should be an adequate import of goods from the foreign nations. Importing is the process of buying goods or services in another country. This will help to improve interrelationship between China and foreign nations. As a return, foreign nations will engage in exchange terms where China will have the opportunity to export its mobile phones to these foreign nations. Export is the process of selling goods or services produced in one country to other countries. Export can be either direct or indirect. Indirect export means that products are carried abroad by other agents and the parent firm does not have special activity connected with the foreign market since sales abroad are treated as the domestic one.

Fundamentals of Reporting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Fundamentals of Reporting - Essay Example Currently, Regent College teaches degree level courses on a variety of subjects. It has in its roll, a wide range of aspiring learners, many of whom represent the international student community, coming from diverse racial, ethnical and cultural backgrounds. However, their current enrolment falls short of 70 for each course. Clarifying the issue, the source further adds that once this enrolment level crosses the benchmark of 70, the college will be designated as a university. Ms Judith also boasts of specific plans of Regent College to further expand their academic focus on areas such as fashion design and law. The college authorities believe that these are core areas where a dearth is currently being felt for institutions offering quality higher education. This contention appears valid in terms of the recent surge in the demand of seats for these courses, as latest media reports indicate. The leading institutions in the locality, affiliated to Regent College, include European Busine ss School and Regent Business School, London, which core focus is on the area of business studies. Regent American College, London, Webster Graduate School London, School of Psychotherapy & Counseling Psychology, London School of Film, Media and Performance and the Inter-Nexus Language School are the other prestigious colleges in this area, being run under the Regent management. However, the community sustains a setback as there are no major colleges that offer any significant education in the fields of fashion designing and law. Recent trends identify these two branches of academics as potential areas for securing employment opportunities, both in England as well as in the other parts of the world. Besides, it also enhances the potential of attracting overseas students to this institution due to its popularity as a prestigious college with a renowned faculty. Ms Judith further mentions that the college envisages more developmental schemes in the near future. One of the priority ite ms in their agenda relates to the expansion of building and other infrastructure including high end technology, vast library facilities and provisions for better playgrounds, stadiums etc. Though this college is now one of the most respected private colleges in the UK, the management believes that they need to upgrade their facilities so as to provide their students with a state of the art learning environment. Regent currently comprises seven top notch schools plus a world class conference centre within their London campus, which offer their students the best avenues for potentials for personal and professional development. Therefore, the management’s aspiration for further improvement in these facilities is laudable. There is no doubt that elevating this group of institutions to the higher status of a university will go a long way in benefiting the students as well as the community in general. In this modern era, London needs more dignified institutions within its precincts to promote world class educational environment in this area. Besides, the quality education that Regent’s is capable of providing will attract not only students from overseas countries but also eminent academicians from all over the globe. Thus, when Regent becomes a university, it will comprise a diverse group of students as well

I need a research paper and it needs to be over A Taste Of Honey by Essay

I need a research paper and it needs to be over A Taste Of Honey by Shelagh Delaney and it need to have an argumentative thesis statement - Essay Example The drama has strong racial and homosexual undertones and the writer is trying to send a thought provoking message to the society. If we look around today our attitudes towards gays, single mothers and interracial unions have hardly changed even in the wake of liberal ,legal and social reforms. The play was written in 1958 when Divorces were a taboo, there was lesser minority representation amongst the society and single parenting was looked down upon as a religious and social offence. Gay marriages or open homosexual cohabitations were unheard of because such people were at a risk of bodily harm if their sexual orientation was made public. It was known as one of the "kitchen sink" plays of its time when the English Theatre was being revolutionised. The play shows women's perspectives on premarital sex, teen pregnancy, abortion, and adoption. This was big step to discuss these issues in public and show them in English drama. The Characters are the stereotypes of the working class British audience. The story line focuses around the life of the women (Helen and Jo)and their problems in the setting of the 1950's.The mother and daughter are shown coping with a tumultuous life.Jo is a 17-year-old working class girl whose mother, is an abusive drunkyard .Jo's is devastated

The mother's first duty is to raise the child, and no one else can Essay

The mother's first duty is to raise the child, and no one else can subsititute for the mother - Essay Example Even in cultures where mingling of two sexes is considered sacrilegious, the weaker sex has shouldered equal responsibilities in battles and wars. It can be argued that the troubled times or emergencies are exceptions and the role of women in normal times should be only to raise their children. "Although the Women's Armed Services Integration Act of 1948 established a permanent presence for women in all branches of the armed forces, a new Army regulation in October 1949 required the discharge of female servicewomen with children under the age of 18. Thus mothers of dependent children were ineligible to enlist in reserve units and were discharged after childbirth or adoption. In the following Congressional session, the Senate passed S. 1492, allowing the reinstatement of women with dependent children. The bill, however, died in the House Committee on Armed Services and failed to become law. The testimony of Women's Army Corps Director Colonel Irene O. Galloway, to the Senate subcommittee on S. 1492, presented the Department of Defense position opposing the bill (History Matters). "Galloway argued that in the event of an emergen cy mobilization, such women could not and should not be counted on to leave their duties as mothers to join activated units. In the 1970s, Congress finally passed a law that allowed women with dependent children to enlist" (Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Armed Services). The topic, ever since the beginning of civilization, has been argued upon by philosophers, reformists and preachers. But ever since the history has witnessed the same philosophers, reformists and preachers were also, at certain other times, siding with the opposite as well. Those in favor take nature as their best defense and those against fight it with the necessities of their time. There are only a few to be found in literature opposing the topic. It seems that the poets and writers are bent upon not to let their mothers do anything else but to love them, ignoring the fact that there are other chores for them to attend to. After searching the available sources there could be found only one novelist, who admits, that children grow up by themselves whether a mother looks after them or not. "A mother! What are we worth really They all grow up whether you look after them or not. Christina Stead (1902-1983), Australian novelist. 'The Man Who Loved Children' (1940)"(Microsoft Corporation). The reformists disagree, the naturalists defend it and the philosophers stress on what is required by the prevailing conditions. It is difficult to say if the topic in itself or the opposite can at any time be taken as a rule for any group of people. One has to agree with the philosophical view. Coming to terms, the closest we can come is to say that a mother's role is vital in building the character of her child and character building is one of the major responsibilities of motherhood. Now to the second part of the topic, "No one else can substitute for mother". Well, if this part of the topic is analyzed further one would initially certainly come across conditions in which an alternate to mother is impossible. Like, in giving birth. Come to think of it again, this is exactly what is being done now, the surrogate mothers. Civilization would have seized to exist if a replacement to mother was

What Problems do UEL Student Expect to have in their Future Essay

What Problems do UEL Student Expect to have in their Future Professional Careers and what are their plan to over come it - Essay Example It will gather data from UEL student and analyse it in more depth. The above question analyses two parts of the research. The first part analyses the data generated from the small scale. The second part includes a personal development plan showing how and to what extent studying for the degree has been beneficial to me as a student. The reason for this is because by being in the corporate market students will be capable to link their responsibilities at work with what they will be learn during their degree course. Today’s technology is significantly changing the way Universities teach and how students learn. There are great possibilities for the academic institutions with change in equipping graduates in competing in knowledge economy. Witte &Steijn (245–264.) describes that; students who want to do Master studies should have work experience before doing so. Dale et al.(1998) shows the other reason is that working before taking on degree builds student’s self con fidence and determination for them to take up the studies in order to improve their working skills. In certain areas of work, using a more practical approach and having acquired work experience enables one to have a competitive edge in the job market. Andrea (2010) shows having a working experience is necessary because it is true that some skills may never be taught in a classroom but are acquired though working experience. Methodology In my research I have decided to choose interview and questionnaire. Questionnaires method is one of the most popular concepts of conducting research because it’s easily filled and straightforward. However interview is more complex to analysis as it’s challenging to code and produce graph and chart to display the results. This type of method focuses on conversation between both the interviewee and the interviewer. (Rosemary 2009) quantitative questionnaire and qualitative interview research are the selected data collection methods. The d ifference between both methods is information to be collected in-depth and the other generated statistics. The questionnaire was simple and it started with few closed questions. The questionnaire was designed in a simplistic fashion. It consists of multiple questions in order to reflect the main aspects, which are; retrieving the demographics and the prospect of student aspect, the problems student would encounter in the future and finally plans and measures student would undertake to improve the chance of employability and reduce risks. The questionnaire was given out to student in my seminar and also in the library of UEL. To analyse the data gathered from the questionnaire will be coded and inputted into Microsoft Excel (Kothari 2001). Consequently the data will be integrated into graphs, tables and charts in order to assess and compare against each other. Interview was conducted after the quantitative data collection in order to gain more qualitative insight the issue. The inter view process was subjected to trial to prevent any issue up rising. In order to exclude this, a passive interview method was executed. One to one method of research will be conducted where both interview and the interviewee exclusively focus on the topic being researched (Kahn and Cannel, 1957). The interview was conducted at the same manner as the questionnaire. The reason for using this method is because it’s informal, it also takes less time to process data and it is flexible to use. Holliday (2007) puts it that this method is also effective as there is no moderation or control of data collection environment. Interview is also effective as it provided interactive features if the interviewer had appropriate technology. Personal interaction with the respondent is also beneficial as they feel more relaxed and candid to

Virtues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Virtues - Essay Example Integrity is defined as staying honest and having strong moral principles. For instance using the turn signal lights in a car. I make it a personal choice to use turn signals when turning off an empty road or in a parking lot. I strive to promise what I can deliver. This has made it easier for me to say no to what I cannot do and in turn my integrity is nourished.Work ethic is the policy that hard work is intrinsically virtuous or worthy of reward. Practice leads to perfection. It applies to academics, sports and life in general. What you reap is what you sow. Consistently, I have worked hard at my academics, and it has proved that work ethics does apply. Colin Powell states "A dream does not become reality through magic; it takes sweat, determination, and hard work." Teamwork is the effective and efficient action of a group. Teamwork can never be overrated. If you need to walk fast, walk alone. If you want to go far, walk with others. From the football pitch to the classroom, I have enjoyed the fruits of collaboration. In class discussions, I have always found previously hard concepts explained by others. I have improved my grades through such group discussions. Self-discipline is the ability to control one's feelings and overcome one's weaknesses. In high school, I would procrastinate a lot. Then I started rewarding myself for following a checklist of activities previously written down. Now in my undergraduate I can attest to the power of self-discipline as a virtue. However, fully mastering it is still a process, not a destination.

Self care deficit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Self care deficit - Essay Example Though self-care desire is common in patients across healthcare facilities in the country, certain patient conditions cannot allow self-care to be possible. This is specifically common among aged patients who also suffer from other conditions, which affects their coordination and self-reliance. Self-care deficit symptoms in the elderly should be clearly identified before the decision to allow patients to be independent can done (Taylor & Renpenning, 2011). Neuromuscular impairment is common among elderly patients suffering from cerebrovascular accidents. Others include musculoskeletal disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, cognitive impairment and lack of enough energy to carry out various self-care responsibilities. In such cases, self-care deficit symptoms can be identified and used to inform the decisions of the nursing department. Lacking the ability to independently feed and dress are common signs of deficit in self-care. Such patients must be provided with an assistant to help them dress and feed well without facing the threat of malnutrition (O’Shaughnessy, 2014). Lacking the ability to bathe and groom among the elderly is also a common symptom of self-care deficit. Such patients must be bathed and groomed by nurses to ensure high patient hygiene. Other symptoms of the deficit include inability to perform toilet task, move from bed to wheelchair, ambulate independently, perform other tasks such as make telephone calls, or write letters. Identification of such deficits will improve the nursing environment and decision making especially within elderly care facilities (Orem, Renpenning & Taylor, 2003). Self-care in patients can be associated with cultural behavior and practices in some environment and this affects the process of addressing the deficit. With the increasing number of male nurses, certain cultures and religion have found it difficult to embrace such caregivers due to cultural reasons. This has affected the

Network Simulator Essay Example for Free

Network Simulator Essay INTRODUCTION IEEE 802.11 is the de facto standard for WLANs. It specifies both the medium access control (MAC) and the physical (PHY) layers for WLANs. The MAC layer operates on top of one of several physical layers. Medium access is performed using Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance. However, simple CSMA is susceptible to the hidden node problem, especially in so called ad hoc networks where a node may communicate directly with every other node in range or using intermediate nodes as relays otherwise. Hidden nodes cause costly packet collisions and thus significantly affect network performance. In order to combat the hidden node problem, a mechanism known as Request to Send/Clear to Send (RTS/CTS) handshake is often used. RTS/CTS mechanism is supported in the IEEE 802.11 family of standards. The RTS/CTS mechanism was initially proposed in a protocol called Multiple- Access with Collision Avoidance (MACA). From a network point of view, one of the primary reasons for using the RTS/CTS mechanism is to avoid network congestion resulting from frequent packet collisions. Figure 1 depicts a conceptual â€Å"throughput versus Packet Size† curve for a network. In the presence of congestion, the throughput goes to zero as the Packet Size is increased beyond a certain value. A properly designed network, on the other hand, maintains the maximum throughput as the Packet Size goes to infinity. LITERATURE REVIEW The IEEE 802.11 standard includes an optional feature of the RTS/CTS (Request to Send/Clear to Send) function to control station access to the medium when collisions occur due to the hidden node. This option is also known as virtual carrier sensing. Through the proper use of RTS/CTS, you can fine-tune the operation of your wireless LAN since it solves the hidden node problem and provides additional protection against collisions. If you enable RTS/CTS on a particular station, it will refrain from sending a data frame until the station completes a RTS/CTS handshake with another station, such as an access point. A station initiates the process by sending a RTS frame. The access point (AP) or another station receives the RTS and responds with a CTS frame. The station must receive a CTS frame before sending the data frame. The CTS also contains a time value that alerts other stations to hold off from accessing the medium while the station initiating the RTS transmits  its data. Thus, the use of RTS/CTS reduces collisions and improves the performance of the network if hidden nodes are present. SIMULATION ENVIRONMENT We use Ns-3 as simulation tool. NS-3 is built using C++ and Python and scripting is available with both languages. The ns-3 library is wrapped to python thanks to the pybindgen library which delegates the parsing of the ns-3 C++ headers to gccxml and pygccxml to generate automatically the corresponding C++ binding glue. These automatically-generated C++ files are finally compiled into the ns-3 python module to allow users to interact with the C++ ns-3 models and core through python scripts. Graphical visualization of raw or processed data collected in a simulation is graphed using Gnuplot tool. Our experimental done in Ubuntu 11.10 with installation of all needed tools. Simulation environment based on the command below, sudo apt-get install build-essential g++ python mercurial NS-3 is available in (linux, osx, cygwin, mingw) and we deploy Development version: http://code.nsnam.org/ns-3-dev. The development version is usually stable; a lot of people use it for daily work. RESULT ANALYSIS The results analysis are based on the following factors * Enabling and disabling RTS/CTS * Protocol bases, either UDP or TCP * WLAN standards which are IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g * Variation of Throughput, Packet Loss Ratio, Delay with Packet Size and Wifi Nodes. From the graphs below result obtained through the following * Disabling and enabling RTS/CTS * UDP protocol used * IEEE 802.11b standard used * Variation of Packet Size (500-2200) Considering the second result with use of TcpTahoe, TcpNewReno, TcpReno and UDP transport protocols with the following * Disabling and enabling RTS/CTS * UDP protocol used * IEEE 802.11b standard used * Variation of Packet Size Fig. Tahoe 1 Fig. Tahoe 2 Fig. Tahoe 3 Fig. Reno 1 Fig. Reno 2 Fig. Reno 3 Fig. Newreno 1 Fig. Newreno 2 Fig. Newreno 3 Considering the third result for different IEEE802.11 standards (802.11a, 802.11b and 802.11g). * Disabling and enabling RTS/CTS * TCP protocol used * IEEE 802.11a/ IEEE 802.11b/ IEEE 802.11g standard used * Variation of Wifi Nodes Fig. 802.11a (i) Fig. 802.11a (ii) Fig. 802.11a (iii) Fig. 802.11b (i) Fig. 802.11b (ii) Fig. 802.11b (iii) Fig. 802.11g (i) Fig. 802.11g (ii) Fig. 802.11g (iii) CONCLUSION From the result analysis obtained above, it is clearly seen that IEEE 802.11a has better performance compared to other wireless standards due to the following reasons; * Provides maximum data rate of about 54 Mbps. * It operates in 5GHz ISM band. * It is not subjected to interference from other products designed , * It is characterized with higher throughput * It is suited for connectivity provision over densely populated user environment Also from the result analysis above, TCP Tahoe is the best TCP variant due to the following facts; * It is characterized by fast retransmit. * It is characterized by fast recovery. * Reduce congestion window REFERENCES 1. E. Ayanoglu, S. Paul, T. F. LaPorta, K. K. Sabnani, and R. D.Gitlin, â€Å"AIRMAIL: A link-layer protocol for wireless networks,† ACMACM/Baltzer Wireless Networks J., vol. 1, pp. 47–60, Feb. 1995. 2. A. Bakre and B. R. Badrinath, â€Å"Handoff and system support for indirectTCP/IP,† in Proc. 2nd Usenix Symp. Mobile and Location-IndependentComputing, Apr. 1995. 3. S. Keshav, â€Å"REAL: A Network Simulator,† University of California at * Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA, Tech. Rep., 1988. * 4. V. Naoumov and A. Gross, â€Å"Simulation of Large Ad Hoc Networks,† In Proceedings of the 6th ACM Workshop on Modeling, Analysis, and * Simulation of Wireless and Mobile Systems, 2003.

Death by Chocolate Essay Example for Free

Death by Chocolate Essay How have the makers of Death by chocolate made their advertisement successful? Discuss the various techniques used and how they have been used. This is an analysis of the advertisement death by chocolate. It is an advert promoting a chocolate cake. The advertisement is rich in techniques which have been purposely included to tempt consumers to indulge themselves and give in to the temptation of the cake. Looking at both pages of the advertisement it seems that there is a concealed message which could possibly be summarized as, go on, be a devil. It is almost as if such devilish whisperings jump out at us. This message is communicated by the trident shaped fork in the hand of an ambiguous woman. Although we are given a motionless picture, there is an overwhelming sense of movement towards the cake. The makers have included this as one of the techniques of the advertisement so that the consumers feel that they are holding the fork. The visual imagery is designed to bring the devil out in you. Although the chocolate cake is brown, it is laced with a devilish crimson colour which adds to the Satan theme. It is interesting in this context that the word consumer is an old name for Satan which again is another technique used. It is clear that the makers of the advert have worked according to the principle that it is the visual impact of an advertisement that is most effective. Most of the second page is covered with a silky textured crimson colour on a white backdrop that mirrors the combination of the crimson streaked chocolate on a white plate. Red is the colour of the devil, but it is also the colour of danger, excitement and fury. White is the colour of virginity and the plentiful red suggests a loss of virginity. This technique is very effective as the contrast of the colours remind us of the naughtiness inside us which drives us to indulge ourselves in this mouth-watering cake. The producers of this advert have also relied upon visual influence and the psychological imagery conjured up by the slogan and larger writing rather than the small text. The slogan, its no angel cake is designed to reinforce the evil theme. The clever remark on the word angel causes reader to dwell on this word and think about its meaning. Puns are always mentally stimulating and enjoyable, and it is as if the enjoyment gained from it is presented to the reader as a sample of the cake itself. In fact one gets the feeling that the designers have tried to make the whole advertisement tasty. The name of the advertisement itself, Death by Chocolate is intended to be entertaining and comical. Although the word death is used, the intention is not to bring to mind fear or anxiety, but in fact, the effect is far from gloomy. The reader is invited to die and be wrapped up in the chocolate, or at least to be dying to eat the chocolate. For those who are fully tempted by the advertisement and go on to reading the small text, there is much more in store. The text starts off on the, naughty devil theme already developed by the visual imagery. The humour in the image of a vicar in The News of The World adds to the atmosphere of sheer evil. The use of brackets is another technique used which gives the reader the feeling that they are being told a secret, making them feel more involved with the text. This reinforces the effect of the use of the second person to make the reader feel personally addressed. The next part of the text tries to use words to convert the visual imagery of the pictures and colours into a sense taste. Words such as cakey-wakey, dark, bitter and sweet reinforce in the words which the readers have seen in picture, and the two together try to combine to bring the images to life. The French word, mi lange produces an exotic feeling that appeals to the average person. The combination of the words bitter and sweet, which in this contexts maybe oxymorons gives a feeling of devilish menace. The words lascivious develop the theme of being naughty and gives verbal expression to the stark crimson on a virgin white background. Immediately after this we have a reference to sensual pleasure. It seems that the makers of this advertisement are trying to sell a chocolate cake by appealing to peoples sexual desires which nowadays is a very popular technique used by producers. The sexual imagery is completed by the reference to Lolita at the end, who was a youthful twelve year old girl corrupted by an older man. In conclusion I think that the producers have been very successful in making this advertisement effective as a whole by creating strong visual imagery and reinforcing it with subtle but direct language. I feel that there is a clear and successful attempt to appeal to human weakness and carnal desire, which is arguably what makes this advertisement a successful one.

Impact of Commodity Prices on Agriculture Industry

Impact of Commodity Prices on Agriculture Industry Cheryl Crispo Question 1(i). If there is a shortage in workers in the agricultural sector, wages will increase to attract and keep staff. This causes a shift in both the derived and primary supply curves occurs upward and to the left thereby decreasing quantity and increasing price. The change in prices on farm is reflected in both derived supply and primary supply curves are shown below in Figure 1. The margin is not significantly altered between the retailer and the farmer as it is shared between them (University of New England, 2014, pp. 10 Annotated Notes). Figure 1 Change in Labour Costs The primary demand and derived demand curves are not affected by the change in labour (input) price. Question 1(ii) Retail margins should be considered to have a greater margin for a number of reasons. Firstly, retailers may have anticipated price changes and have already elevated their price so a small increase can be absorbed readily and menu costs would be low. Secondly, cost increases may immediately be passed on to consumers whilst cost decreases are not passed on for a period of time. Lastly, the buying power of the retailer is much stronger than an individual farmer (or possibly even an industry agent) this may force the farmer to accept a lower price increasing the retailers margin. Question 2 The AECL is a voluntary organisation for egg producers in Australia (Australian Egg Corporation Limited). The AECL is attempting to utilise its membership in a cartel arrangement by â€Å"encouraging† their members to decrease the supply of eggs to market. The Australian Consumer and Competition Commission frown on cartel type arrangements as they are anti-competitive and are attempting, illegally, to control supply. Non-members can still produce as many eggs as they wish without this restriction. This in turns encourages members of the cartel to produce more or break the rules to remain competitive in the market. Question 3 The article outlines a number of key issues in respect to future productivity of the Australian agricultural sector. Research and Development It has been noted that the level of publicly funded research and development into agricultural commodities has decreased over the past few decades. Research and development is paramount to the ever increasing demand for agricultural commodities to fuel an ever increasing population in the long run. Methods to improve technology to decrease production costs, increase yields, and possibly more importantly to improve the effect on the environment and manage the risk of climate change. This improvement may entail improving the efficiency of the farm: i.e. using the less inputs to obtain an equivalent volume of output or altering the size of the farm so that scale efficiecieces can be utilised. With scarcity of resources such as land, water and also crop choice, the choice of commodity being produced with limited resources needs to be researched and evaluated: drought resistant crops, irrigation or other methods that will produce high yields, do not provide excessive externalities to the environment but also cam stand up to the changing climate of Australia need to be considered. Research and development comes at a significant cost, but the returns on the investment can be up to 40%. This research comes also at a significant time cost: the time spent on finding new production methods can be very extensive, take a long time to implement (depending on the production life cycle) and even longer time to have the outcome truly realised. Resource competition As with all resources, there is a finite amount of resources for production: whether it be available land, labour or capital, there will always e competition to achieve the highest amount of utility from a resource. If an employee can receive better wages working in the mines, then agricultural labour will shift as more employees leave for other industries. The wages of the existing (and new) agricultural workers will increase and the number demanded will decrease. From the farmers point of view, if a particular commodity is receiving a higher net price, the decision will be made to produce the commodity that will provide the greater profit, whether it be wheat, beef or mining or a combination of all three to maximise the profit to the farmer. The higher prices received by mining is a significant factor in farmers choosing mining over agriculture. The mining resource boom has also led to the Australian dollar being valued more highly in foreign exchange markets. Other sectors have not faired so well with this boom: they may receive a decrease prices for domestic commodities in the international markets. The Environment and Climate Change Climate change, and the environment in general, is a very complex, misunderstood, controversial and political issue that will plague the agricultural industry for many years to come. Its true effects cannot be measured readly – for example, has the effect on agriculturall output been due to climate change, poor management or a cyclical or unexpected series of events naturally occurring in natire? As mentioned previously, research and developmemt can assist farmers to improve the technical efficiency of farms but is often not included in productivity calculations. The risk from the environment can be mitigated (i.e. floods, drought, pests etc.) but these risks need to be established before production begins. Is it noted that figures within the article were devoid of climate change effects: externalities both positive and negative were also excluded. It appears that even though the environment is pivotal to agricultural production the long term effects are not taken into consideration. Therefore standard productivity calculations appear to be biased towards production inputs and only partially represent the actual productivity of the farm in question. The Total Factor of Production (TFP) The TFP figure can be misleading if all factors of production are not considered as a whole. An individual farm may produce multiple commodities (i.e. wheat and cattle) to doversify their risk and maximise profit. The TFP measure does not segregate the factors of wheat production and the factors of cattle productin: the technology such as irrigation systems, skilled (or unskilled) labour, farm equipment (tractors), grain / feed storage may habe dual purposes. By isolating specific on-farm functions only a partial analysis can be formed: there may be significant interdependencies between the commodities (i.e. the land may be left fallow for 1 season to allow the cows to fertilise therefore the land is regenerated and fertilised and less chemicals are required once planting resumes on this land). The standard TFP equation does not indicate from where the productivity gains (losses) originate from: it is only a measure of how much is changed. There are a number of aspects to consider, as mentioned previously, including scale and technical inefficiencies. The farmer can review the output to establish whether with the same inputs, that outputs could increase. Secondly, the farmer could also research, ecoomtrically, that the same output could be achieved by having a smaller land size. Maximum output is not always best when the quality is not at an acceptable standard. As farmers are profit maximisers they need to look deeper into their production methods to improve their profits and efficiency. International Efficiency Productivity is undoubtedly of the most significant issues in internatopnal competitiveness. Resource usage both on the domestic and internatoomal stages, is to use inputs efficiently within the agricultural sector so as to maximise revenue, but also keep the resources in the hands of farmers not other industries. In comparison to other sectors in the economy, from 198-2011 agriculture has been the highest growth rate by far. It is interesting to note that the growth rate for all sectors has been steadily decreasing since 1986 with a few minor exceptions. Has the lack of Australian research and development in these sectors contributed to only 0.9% increase over 25 years? It is also clear that the methods of evaluating productivity need to be taken into consideration when reviewing or analysing productivity data. The two institutions mentioned, ABS and ABARES are using difference performance criteria and sectoral data. When analysing different domestic and international segments, the performance criteria should be the same to avoid potential analysis errors. Conclusion Commodity prices will always be volatile – it is the nature of agriculture. It is noted that government intervention, that has been prevalent in the past, may not be necessary to maintain adequate food supply. The future of Australian agriculture is healthy, however steps must be take to ensure that appropriate and targeted research and development is increased rather than removed to ensure an adequate food supply but also ensure that the resources required are not depleted through transferrance to another industry or through environmental degradation.

Dreams :: essays research papers

Dreams After I wake up I quickly come to a reality check. Realizing that I will have a white collard job. Working through the ranks from the bottom up to reach a reasonable goal. I will have diplomas and achievements, but I doubt if I will manage a billion dollar company. In my reality working hard is part of every day life. Working hard every day feeling that I am underpaid is reality. In my dream like state again I see myself always happy. Never stressed out with the days problems or worries. Family problems are not an issue. Getting to and from work is no problem. Every idea or presentation that I have works well. Meetings run smoothly under my command. The office and staff work like a well oiled machine. All components together to reach a common goal. Reality sets in, stress is a natural part of life. Living in an ideal world with no stress or problems is boring. Anger and stress add spice and excitement to life. People always deal with stress everyday. I am no exception and either is the future. Coworkers cheery and happy enters my thoughts when dreaming of the future. Miscommunications and misunderstandings are unheard of. Every individual is nice to each other and no one is ever upset. Work atmosphere is quiet and peaceful. People respecting each one's own opinion. Every day people are on time and punctual. Work is done on time with no excuses for late work. The future is full of coworkers' being angry and disgruntled. Miscommunications and misunderstandings are a part of life. No individual is ever nice to everyone all of the time. People upset with other people is a natural process of life. Everyone has a bad day. It is not possible to be cheery and bubbly all of the time. Though nice this is not possible. Driving five minutes to work every morning in my sports car is obviously a dream. Dreaming of never having to deal with traffic or long commutes; living in a small city no bigger than 30,000. A big city is too inconvenient for travel and time. Reaching any destination takes over thirty minutes. Living in a big city is reality. Waking up at 6:00a.m. and picking up my car pool. Riding along the loop in my Geo Metro that reaches over thirty miles to the gallon. My car's starter is shot and the air-conditioning doesn't work. I will live in a big city and commute to my high rise office building down town. Each morning dreading the hour drive filled with traffic jams and spilt coffee.

Elements of Tennessee Williams A Streetcar Named Desire :: A Streetcar Named Desire Essays

Many Elements of A Street Car Named Desire  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A Streetcar Named Desire, by Tennessee Williams, is a very worldly play that contains issues from life; a guilty feeling of abandonment, the anger and frustration between two complete opposites, and the violation of a rape. It happens in New Orleans where there are many different races. Blanche DuBois, loses her ancestral home, Belle Reve, and her teaching position as a result of promiscuity. With expectations for the new life, she moves in with her pregnant sister Stella and her brutish husband, Stanley Kowalski. Throughout the play, we can distinguish many differences between Blanche and Stella. Although they come from the same noble and aristocratic family, their philosophies of life are distinct and lead them to different roads. Blanche is a highly vulnerable, as well as neurotic, woman living in a world of boozy self deception. She is intelligent, yet prefers magic over realism. She puts too much emphasis on her manners and appearance. She demands to be seen for what she wished to be, rather than what she really is.This is the reason for the paper lanterns and constant bathing - she is creating her world of illusion. A complite opposite of Blanch is Stella.Unlike her sister, she is a passive and gentle woman. She is five years younger than Blanche, about 25, and has been submissive to her for her entire life. After marrying Stanley, she is forced to join the lower class, endure her husband's bad temper, and be obedient to him. Blanche is not a compromising person who can adapt to changes. Moreover, I think she is afraid of alterations and denies facing the reality (ex. she is afraid of losing her properties, her youth and beauty, etc.). She feels very uncertain about the new world and tries to persist in her own way of behavior and thinking, since that is how she has been educated: to be a lady. Stella is the connecting figure to two different worlds- the supposed royalty world of Blanche DuBois and the more common world of Stanley Kowalski. Blanche and St anley both attempt to influence her, and they succeed to a degree. Stella still has many of the qualities instilled in her at Belle Reve, yet she does not let that get in the way of her having some fun. As she is so entangled between two completely opposite worlds, she is stuck and eventually forced to side with one of the two.

Aids in American Youth :: Free AIDS Essays

Aids in American Youth There are more than 40 million people in the world with the disease known as AIDS(Bender 6). There are about 1 million people in America recorded to have the disease(Carasso). While anybody can get AIDS the people who are at the highest risk are youth between under the age of 20 years old(Carasso). This epidemic which came about in the early 80’s has become a deadly problem in our world today. When AIDS came about it is understood that it was only a gay disease in the 80’s, which would cause for this disease to spread rapidly. With the gay community not being the most acknowledge group of people in this decade no one cared that it was happening to them. The disease could have been drastically reduced if people would have known this virus wasn’t passed by, sex nor was it a gay disease only. In fact the disease was initially known as GRID (Gay Related Immune Disorder). In the 80’s almost no one used condoms, which made it easy for the transmission, espe cially when people didn’t know it was sexually translated. Aids has become a problem that every country is faced with, especially Africa with 1 out of 10 being effected with this virus. Some countries in Africa have nearly 50% of its population effected with this disease. The virus of AIDS could have been reduced drastically if people wanted to face the fact that it is sexually transmitted. The disease of AIDS can be passed from person to person several ways. The first, and the most common is through sexual intercourse. Sexual intercourse is by far the greatest risk for contracting the disease. The reason that sex is the most common is because of the friction caused by having sex. For the most part women are more likely to contract the disease, in fact they have a 3 out of 4 chance to catch the disease to a males, 1 out of 4. The other major way, and probably the second leading way to contract the Virus is through sharing a drug needle. Using drugs such as Heroin which calls for an injection of a liquid substance directly into a vein of a person can cause a major transition of blood from one person to another (DeCarlo, Lurie AIDS123).

Nature Nurture Debate Essay

?NATURE VERSUS NURTURE IS THE ARGUMENT OF WHETHER IT IS the characteristics that are inherited, or those that are learnt through environmental influences, which effect how we develop. ?WE ARE GOING TO LOOK INTO THE DIFFERENT PSYCHOLOGICAL approaches in relation to whether it is nature or nurture that determines gender: ?Psychodynamic ?Biological ?Social Learning ?Cognitive Sex and Gender Sex and gender are often referred to as one and the same, so it is important to distinguish between certain words and phrases: ?Sex: The biological state of a person; whether they are male or female depending on their genetic makeup. ?Gender: This is the social interpretation of sex. Is an individuals classification on whether a person is male or female. ?Gender Identity/ Role: Through socialisation we learn what is acceptable behaviour from females and males. We learn that each have different expected characteristics. ?Gender Constancy: Is the realisation that gender is fixed. This happens at 4 years of age. Psychodynamic Approach ?Freud backs up both the nature and nurture, with his psychodynamic approach: ?His idea of the personality being in three parts: the Id, Ego, and Superego. ?The Id is what we are said to have acquired naturally in birth. It is the primitive self, who strives to survive. Psychodynamic Approach ?The ego develops a few months in, and continues to be learnt from the outside world, it is when our consciousness comes into play. A child would learn the di$erence between male and female. ?The superego is the internalisation of moral values. We strive to do the right thing. So a child may have it instilled to act a certain way because that is what is expected, so any other feelings may be pushed into the unconscious. Psychosexual Stages ?In Freuds Psychosexual stages, it is the Phallic stage at age 3 to 6 years old that children become gender aware. ?A child is aware of what sex they are biologically, but their gender is e$ected by interactions between mother and father. Psychodynamic Theory ?However the personality model Freud talks about cannot be proved. ?This approach is also deterministic in that there is no free will when it comes to the psychosexual stages Little Hans Case Study Biological Approach All that is psychological is psysiological ? rst ‘Aron’. Social Learning Approach Cognitive Approach Conclusion ? There is no doubt that sex is based solely upon nature, whereas determining gender brings together both nurture and nature as it is the how society views the sexes. All that is psychological is psysiological ? rst ‘Aron’. Thought’s, feeling’s, ect, reside in the mind and are ultimately of biological cause. Biological psychology is the study of the physiological basis of behaviour and experience, it is highly scienti+c in approach, the key areas of study include:- †¢The nervous system and behaviour †¢States of consciousness †¢Biological rythms †¢Motivation †¢Anxiety and stress †¢pain Biological Psychology Cognitive is mainly a consequence of maturation stages of innate structures Biological Biological psychology states:- †¢Human Behaviour can be explained through hormones, genetics, evolution and the nervous system †¢If in theory, behaviour can be explained biologically, causes for unwanted behaviours can be modi+ed or removed using biological treatment such as medication for mental illnesses. †¢Biological psychology believes in experimental treatment conducted using animals, this is due to our biological similarities. Biological Charles Darwin †¢Was an 18th century English naturalist and geologist. †¢Best known for his contributions to evolutionary theory. †¢Whilst on a 5 year expedition, Darwin concluded species of life have descended over time from common ancestors. †¢This created the scienti+c theory to a branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process he called natural selection. †¢For 20 years Darwin worked on his theory †¢1859 The origin of species was published †¢The book was extremely controversial, mainly due to the theory of homo sapiens being another form of animal, leading to a theory of our evolution from apes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. The church was not happy. Biological Studying psychology within an evolutionary framework has revolutionized the +eld, allowing di$erent approaches to be uni+ed under one banner. Darwin also pioneered one of evolutionary psychology’s most important tools, the comparative method. The results coming from this new +eld continue to change how we view our behavior and mental abilities, as well as those of other animals. Darwin’s impact in biological Psychology Biological Strengths and weaknesses biological psychology and the theories within support nature over nuture. However, it can be argued, that by limiting explanations for behaviour in terms of either nature or nurture, the complexity of human biengs is underestimated. It could be argued, that the interaction of both nature (biology) and nurture (environment) both play vital roles in our behaviour. A strength to the biological approach is its use of scienti+c methods, producing clear evidence, such as neurotransmitters. The biological approach is able to produce clear evidence, scienti+cally, for explanations A weakness to biological psychology is the reductionist explanations provided, which do not fully encompass the full scope of human behaviour. Individuals may posses a predisposition, to particular behavioural traits, however, environmental factors can also be the cause. This is called ‘Diathesis stress model’ of human behaviour. Biological Biological explanation of gender. Through evolution, men in their role as ‘hunter gatherer’, may have developed a stronger ‘+ght or ;ight response than women, who had the role of caring for the children. Due to this males and females may have developed a di$erent physiological response to stress. Taylor et al (2000) suggested that women produce a calmer response to stress due to a hormone. Oxytocin is realised in response to stress and has been shown to lead to maternal behaviour. Taylor called this the ‘tend and berfriend response’ instead of the ‘+ght or ;ight’ response. Leading to the idea women are more likely to seek social support to cope with stress.